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Verbal Behavior
''Verbal Behavior'' is a 1957 book by psychologist B. F. Skinner that inspects human behavior, describing what is traditionally called linguistics. The book ''Verbal Behavior'' is almost entirely theoretical, involving little experimental research in the work itself.〔It is notable that Skinner did do Verbal Behavior related research, for example the statistical analysis of alliteration in Shakespeare, as well as his work with the "Verbal Summator" prior to the publication of ''Verbal Behavior''. However, he opted to remove most of the research, he says, because it made the book "unbalanced". This research was also primarily structural in nature, and owed more to Skinner's history as a college English major than it did to his later functional analysis of behavior.〕 It was an outgrowth of a series of lectures first presented at the University of Minnesota in the early 1940s and developed further in his summer lectures at Columbia and William James lectures at Harvard in the decade before the book's publication.〔Skinner, B.F. (1983) A Matter of Consequences. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-53226-4〕 A growing body of research and applications based on ''Verbal Behavior'' has occurred since its original publication, particularly in the past decade.
In addition, a growing body of research has developed on structural topics in verbal behavior such as grammar.
==Functional analysis==
This is now sometimes called the ''four-term contingency model'' with setting conditions added as a fourth term. This consists of a ''motivating operation'' (MO), ''discriminative stimulus'' (S), ''response'' (R), and ''reinforcement'' (S).〔However, the four-term model post-dates Skinner's work—having arisen most notably in the writings of Dr. Jack Michael, and Skinner refers exclusively to the three-term model without the MO as such. Although Skinner does refer to states of ''deprivation'' and ''satiation'' which are essentially the same thing which the MO term encompasses and extends upon.〕 Skinner's ''Verbal Behavior'' also introduced the autoclitic and six elementary operants: mand, tact, audience relation, echoic, textual, and intraverbal.〔 from the forward by Jack Michael, p. ix〕 For Skinner, the proper object of study is ''behavior itself'', analyzed without reference to hypothetical (mental) structures, but rather with reference to the functional relationships of the behavior in the environment in which it occurs. This analysis extends Ernst Mach's pragmatic inductive position in physics, and extends even further a disinclination towards hypothesis-making and testing. ''Verbal Behavior'' is divided into 5 parts with 19 chapters.〔 The first chapter sets the stage for this work, a functional analysis of verbal behavior. Skinner presents verbal behavior as a function of controlling consequences and stimuli, not as the product of a special inherent capacity. Neither does he ask us to be satisfied with simply describing the structure, or patterns, of behavior. Skinner deals with some alternative, traditional formulations, and moves on to his own functional position.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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